Arthur Miller, 1953 Essay Example

Arthur Miller, 1953 Essay Miller choose to have this moment, in Act 4, because it shows how Proctor dies after the moment. In this moment, Proctor is signing a confession to show he has met the Devil, and to say he has not had an affair, [PROCTOR now lays the paper down and signs his name]. It links what has gone before, because he was locked in jail, and this shows how he is going to save his life by signing a confession paper, I confess to God, and God has seen my name on this! It is enough! Not just because it is relevant in the story, but it is a good device for the audience as well, because it gives the audience a sense that he is heroic. With this scene it shows first how he gives up and signs a confession paper, but then he has a change of heart and rips the paper [hysterically, as though the tearing paper were his life], saying he has never seen the Devil. This gives the audience a sign of relief, because he has done the right thing. This moment will give the audience a final decision about how good Proctor is for now I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. We will write a custom essay sample on Arthur Miller, 1953 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Arthur Miller, 1953 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Arthur Miller, 1953 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But some people may think he is not a good and heroic man, because of his affair with Abigail Williams, and that Proctor is letting people have pain, because he is a very important man to his friends, family and Elizabeth, [ELIZABETH, in a burst of terror, rushes to him and weeps against his hand]. Your left to decide how good he is. For this moment, Miller may have shown Proctor as Jesus. He has given his name up to show his honour to his friends who are going to die showing there innocence. Jesus is the same, a good man, letting himself die for the causes and deaths of his fellow friends. It is now six months later and autumn, though the American term fall, used by Miller, seems far more suitable considering where we have now come to in the play As well as the darkness of the setting, we are struck by the emptiness of the room. Miller mentions no furniture other than two benches and a lantern on the wall. Here life is stripped down to the bare minimum. It is in this setting that Proctor will have to search his conscience, his inner self, and make the crucial but basic decision whether to live or die. In one interpretation, a video 1996 Nicholas Hytner film, the setting is outside. It is beside the sea, which I guess is on the edge of Salem. It is early in the morning because the sun is starting to rise up. It was set at the seaside because it shows that the play is ending on a good sunny note. Also the sea is better than the Salem meeting house, because it shows the rise of Proctor. It is ironic because the seaside shows good, and is like a rise to heaven, another reason for the sea to be chosen, but Proctor is dieing, not showing good. Although he is dieing and rising up to heaven, he is dieing like his loyal friends. The background of the sea is lighter, than in the courtroom, the sea makes Proctor look more heroic to the audience. As this key moment is set in autumn, and it is in the morning, when the sun is coming through. Light is not much used in the key moment, but until John Proctor says his name is important, Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! , and then he rips the piece of paper there is a stage direction [hysterically, as though the tearing paper were his life] this shows lightning coming through. As we know light is shown shining down on Jesus when he heals somebody, light comes through the windows to show how good Proctor is. In the interpretation, the sun comes up and shines, again showing Proctor as Jesus, doing the right thing to stick with what is truthful, that he has not seen the Devil. In one interpretation, a video 1996 Nicholas Hytner film, music is there as dramatic devices. The stances are relevant to. When Proctor is answering to Danforths questions if he has seen certain people with the Devil. Danforth is standing up behind a small table, and Cheever and Parris are there, are three wearing black. Proctor is in very old cloths, all thilthy, but this gives him more power, firstly it shows he is given up, that he has seen the Devil, his cloths taking him down, even though he is saving his life, but the cloths are significant because Jesus wore bad cloths, ripped and torn, but he was dieing for his fellow friends like Proctor. The three behind the table: Cheever on the left Danforth in the middle, and Parris on the right, looks like they are the high people, there are high in reputation, but Proctor is low, and only wearing bad ripped cloths. When he rips the paper, there is a drumbeat, and this changes everything, because then Proctor is more of the higher reputation. Music is used when Danforth asks if he has seen certain people with the Devil, he carries on saying no. His no is important to show how weak he has become, so music makes it more dramatic to emphasise on the rhythm of Danforth and Proctor saying no. Before my key moment starts, which is when he starts to sign the paper Proctor starts to get questioned by Danforth Mr Proctor, have you seen the Devil in your life? and then the dramatic devices is used upon Proctor [PROCTORS jaws lock. ] and also afterwards [through his teeth, his face turned from REBECCA] all shows how weak Proctor is. His knows that all of this is wrong to confess, but he is saying it, and going ahead like his wife had told him. The stage direction which says [astonished] when Rebecca is talking, is no surprise, because she knows, Elizabeth knows and Proctor himself knows that he is doing the wrong thing, by confessing. Now the Key moment starts when Proctor is signing his name on a paper, to show his confession, the stage direction says [CHEEVER goes to PROCTOR, the confession and a pen in hand. PROCTOR does no look at it] which again proves he is doing the wrong thing, which he knows. The stage direction after says [after glancing at the confession] and then the quote You have all witnessed it it is enough. this shows how he is trying to resist the paper, and thinks that the paper of his confession is a lot worse then to say it out to the judges. He knows this confession is wrong, but he does not want a paper to give evidence he confessed he has been with the Devil. It makes others, who died, annoyed and disappointed with Proctor; he is a good man and would die for his loyal friends, he is a good man. After that he starts to sign the paper with the stage direction [His breast heaving with agonized breathing. PROCTOR now lays the paper down and signs his name] which shows the impact of Proctor. He is full of anger and knows that he has been beaten to sign the confession paper. So this is a dramatic device, to show how he hates this paper, and does not want to sign it. Danforth is eager to have this paper, but does not to show it. He wants to tell everybody that Proctor has confessed, and is a good man, even though he is not. Miller choose this stage direction, [perplexed, but politely extending his hand], to make Danforth look less eager then he usually is, but Proctor takes his the wrong way again. He thinks that Danforth is going to take it away and show everybody, but thats not true as seen [as though PROCTOR did not understand], and Proctor shows weakness and gives away slightly, that he did not want for this to all go through. Others did not complain any further to show they have confessed as said by Proctor after You will not use me! I am no Sarah Good or Tituba, I am John Proctor! As this argument carries on Danforth get suspicious [with suspicion] and is wondering why Proctor is resisting for Danforth to take the paper. Proctor gives in, and [with a cry of his soul] Proctor says it is his name, and this shows that he does not want to give his name corruption; he wants his friends, who are dead or dieing, to know he is better then the confessors. Danforth is so astonished, [pointing at the confession in Proctors hand] and he answers, Is that document a lie? and [PROCTOR is motionless] and [PROCTOR does not reply]. He realises he has said the wrong thing, and he has given in, not saving his life. At this point he is in a dilemma, to say he has seen the Devil, or he has not. Before he was going through that he has seen the Devil, in the middle of this key moment, he is in the dilemma, and so he must now say he has not seen the Devil, which means torture. This is true because the stage direction, and dramatic device is used [His breast heaving, his eyes staring, PROCTOR tears the paper and crumples it, and he is weeping in fury, but erect]. He has though that this is the true and desirable answer he wants to show. He shows now he is strong, and the paper is historic as well [hysterically as though the tearing paper were his life]. The paper is a dramatic device because it represents the confession, but it is a lie. When he rips it he rips the confession, and the lie, which represents Danforths triumph over Proctor. It allows use to see Proctors change of heart. Contrasting considerations of self-interest lead Danforth and Parris to beg John Proctor to confess to witchcraft. While Parris fears for his safety, Danforth operates to defend the court from any more attacks. The change in Danforths open desire is very important because previously, Danforth meant to confirm the goodness of the court, but here he suggests corruption to protect the political value of the government; he worries if postponing the executions, it will show weakness on him and part of the court. By prompting Proctor to give a false confession, Danforth indicates that he likely believes the witchcraft charges are false. This shows how the witch hunts have gained a life of their own; the reputation and hierarchy lead the court to continue with the case and executions even when the original delay of the trials was a bad idea and even when the people who run the trials are concerned about the power of the charges. When Proctor says, Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! this shows how he cares for his name like when he cleaned his name about his lechery, his affair with Abigail Williams. When he said, I have known her, sir. I have known her. which he releases his secret about his affair, and this is cleaning his name, like when he rips the paper and does not agree that he has seen the Devil. He is cleaning his name. Of course there is speech in the key moment, which is not truthful, but nobody is speaking truthful. Proctor saying he has meet with the Devil. As you can see by Danforth asking Mr Proctor. Did you bind yourself to the Devils service? and then Proctor saying I did. This we know is not true because before he was accused of seeing the Devil, all down to Mary. She is a weak person, and Abigail was tormenting her, showing the judges that Mary was hurting her, which is not true. Then when Mary was getting weaker and weaker, she gives in and says she has seen the Devil, but Proctor is been seeing the Devil as well Youre the Devils man! and then He come at night and every day to sign, to sign, to -. There is some dramatic irony involved in the key moment but it is not as strong as the first key moment I choose. The dramatic irony involved in this key moment is when Proctor says he has been with the Devil, even though he has not. He at first signed a paper for confession, showing he has seen the Devil. It is dramatic irony for the audience because Proctor is doing the wrong thing, and confessing for being accused, which is not true. Proctor would not usually do this, because he likes to keep his name clean from anything, which is why he teard down his name, that he had an affair with Abigail. But this time he did not tear down his name showing he has not seen the Devil, he tries to save himself I did. Conclusion The Crucible is always related to themes, because it is based on real true issues. Here are themes related to the two key moments: Reputation Reputation is very important in the religious Salem, where public and private goodness are important. In an atmosphere where reputation shows an important role, the fear of blame by friendship become s particularly evil. Focused on a high public reputation, the people of Salem fear that the sins of their friends and other important people will hurt their names. Some characters think their name is to be protected and their respective reputations. John Proctor especially thinks his name should not be harmed, and will tell the truth to keep his name clean. Early in the play, he has a chance to put a stop to the girls accusations, but his desire to keep his reputation makes him from testifying against Abigail. At the end of the play, however, Proctors need to keep his good name leads him to make the brave choice not to make a false confession and to go to his death without signing his name to something he hasnt done. By refusing to surrender his name, he frees himself for his earlier failure and dies with honour. Danforth is very powerful the Act 3 key moment Power- The witch trials allow many characters in the play who are previously edgy in the Salem society. In general, women are low ranked, doing the housework etc, compared to the male-dominated Sale. They have little options in life and work as servants for townsmen, until they can get married, and having kids. For this reason, Abigail is a slave to John Proctors sexual desire, but he strips away her purity when he commits adultery with her, and he provokes her nasty jealousy when he terminates their affair. Abigails accusations of witchcraft and Devil-worship immediately command the attention of the court. By supporting herself, in the eyes of others, with Gods will, she gains power over society, as do the other girls in her pack, and her word becomes incontrovertible, as do theirs. Accusations, Confessions, and Legal Proceedings- The witch trials are central to the action of The Crucible, and dramatic accusations and confessions fill the play. In the first act, before the hysteria begins, Parris accuses Abigail of dishonouring him, and he then makes a series of accusations against his parishioners. Giles Corey and Proctor respond in manner, and Putnam soon joins in, creating a group of accusation even before Hale arrives. The entire witch trial system relies on accusations, the only way that witches can be seen, and confessions, which provide the proof of the honesty of the court actions. Proctor attempts to break this with a confession of his own, when he admits to the affair with Abigail, but this confession is false from the accusation from Elizabeth. Proctors brave decision, at the end of the play, to die rather than confess to a fault that he did not do, he finally breaks the cycle. The court collapses afterwards, undone by the negative responses of its victims to spread lies. The Witch Trials and the Witch Hunt- There is hardly any symbolism within The Crucible, but, in total, the play can be seen as symbolic, the fear about communism. Miller has this matter in his play. In that while there were no actual witches in Salem, there were Communists. However, Millers concern in The Crucible is not with whether the accused actually are witches, but rather with the opposition of the court officials to believe that they are not. In light of the witch-hunt extremes, which hurt many innocents, this was felt strongly in Millers own time. Good and evil- One very important battle that is not very obvious in the story is with God and the Devil, being good and evil. The question is will the accused people be sent to heaven with the good God or will they burn in hell with the evil Satan? This is mainly what the whole play is based on. The puritan religion is the reason for why the people are being executed. The forces of good always tried to do what was best for everybody, even if it meant breaking some puritan laws. The evil group did whatever was best for them. They were greedy and had no consideration for others. The moment, which is most dramatic, is the 1st one in Act 3 because it leads up to a very important factor for the final Act. When Elizabeth says no, this is very relevant to the whole story because it shows Proctor was lying about his affair with Abigail Williams, and that she will not get charged for lying about the whole witchcraft. The story would of ended on Act 3 but it went on. This does not show why it is the most dramatic, but it is a good idea to make it the most dramatic moment, that is why I think Miller made this moment dramatic, because it is very important to the play. The play is a full of emotions for the audience, different all the way through. Miller takes the audience on this roller coaster ride by making them experience hatred, love, confusion and intrigue by using the characters as different tools. The audience are to have mixed feelings for certain characters, some members of the audience do not like Proctor for his adultery, others give him sympathy and think he is heroic at the end of the plays. The play in its entirety is an oblique comment on 1950s situation in America; it was not simply that, it has emotions and real characters. It is an intricate web of relationships and hidden priorities from each character, which together makes for a complex, but an enclosing play. The way the audience feels gets Millers message through. The play is relevant nowadays for many reasons: because it links with the situation in Afghanistan how people are tortured if they do not apply Sadam as the Prime Minister, also the film versions of the play it is exciting to watch because of the high tension and quite fast pace throughout, it incorporates dramatic irony to make the audience part of the action. The play is twisted and left on a cliffhanger, like soaps, which shows how the play is relevant to today and the audience of today. The whole thing about lechery and sexual interest can link to soaps and it is like a soap opera, and is artistically pleasing for the audience. The girls hysteria gives play excitement and activity, something physical to watch if you do not understand the words. The play can appeal to religious people, for new views and ideas, historians, real events, and people young adults, for excitement women, for love story The first key moment in Act 3 was the best. It is full of tension and at the end of the moment it ends with dramatic irony and irony. This moment catches me as the audience, and the way Elizabeth avoids the question, builds my interest in the story. When she says No, sir I wanted to go on, because I wanted to know what is going to happen now. The second key moment in Act 4 also was good; I found it hard for me as the audience. When he signed the paper of his confession, I though he has done the wrong thing, even though it is to save his life. Other people may disagree, but I think Hale was not so good as others would think. If I were him I would die a honourable man so I could be placed in history books, and known as a good man, instead of saving your life for a name. But then Proctor came to his senses and he changed his mind, which made the audience fell more relieved because he shows his true self, a heroic man, like Jesus, and dieing to show he is honourable and his loyalty with his friends who are going to be hanged. I have thoroughly enjoyed reading The Crucible, and even though it is about events that happened over 300 years ago, it still holds an uncanny relevance because, sometimes, we can see ourselves in Arthur Millers characters. Perhaps The Crucible can so relevant that it helps to stop terrible tragedies like the witch hunts happening again in the future.

Free Essays on Boston Freedom Trail

INTRODUCTION Near Boston Common is the Granary Burying Ground, where the graves of Paul Revere, Samuel Adams, and the victims of the Boston Massacre are buried. Some blocks away, the Old South Meeting House still stands, where determined community meetings were once held to discuss the British "Tea Act," which led to a night of throwing away tea into Boston Harbor. A few miles away, the Bunker Hill Monument towers over Charlestown neighborhoods reminds us of the battle of the colonists with the British soldiers. These sites are all part of Boston's Freedom Trail, a 2.5-mile trail marked by a red line on sidewalks that connects from Boston Common were Quakers were once hanged to the Bunker Hill Monument, passing through many of the city's historical spots. BOSTON FREEDOM TRAIL In 1951, William Schofield an editorial writer for the Boston Herald- Traveler had the idea that Boston’s sites could be made more accessible to residents and visitors, his primary goal was to preserve the historical sites located throughout the city. Seven years later in 1958 the trail was established, the sixteen historic sites between Boston Common and The Bunker Hill Monument in Charlestown were connected by a red line painted on the sidewalk or, in some places, red brick or granite paving stones, providing a excellent way to explore the city and learn about its rich history. This 2.5 mile trail tells the story of America’s first patriots as they fought for freedom against the royal army. The sixteen Freedom trail sites in order of appearance are: 1) BOSTON COMMON. In 1634, realizing that a more northerly site would be unacceptable for settlement, the government of Massachusetts purchased land from Boston, the Boston Common , a 50 acres open land and oldest public park in the United States. It has been used for many different purposes during its long history, until 1830 animals grazed the Common, until 1817 public hangings ... Free Essays on Boston Freedom Trail Free Essays on Boston Freedom Trail INTRODUCTION Near Boston Common is the Granary Burying Ground, where the graves of Paul Revere, Samuel Adams, and the victims of the Boston Massacre are buried. Some blocks away, the Old South Meeting House still stands, where determined community meetings were once held to discuss the British "Tea Act," which led to a night of throwing away tea into Boston Harbor. A few miles away, the Bunker Hill Monument towers over Charlestown neighborhoods reminds us of the battle of the colonists with the British soldiers. These sites are all part of Boston's Freedom Trail, a 2.5-mile trail marked by a red line on sidewalks that connects from Boston Common were Quakers were once hanged to the Bunker Hill Monument, passing through many of the city's historical spots. BOSTON FREEDOM TRAIL In 1951, William Schofield an editorial writer for the Boston Herald- Traveler had the idea that Boston’s sites could be made more accessible to residents and visitors, his primary goal was to preserve the historical sites located throughout the city. Seven years later in 1958 the trail was established, the sixteen historic sites between Boston Common and The Bunker Hill Monument in Charlestown were connected by a red line painted on the sidewalk or, in some places, red brick or granite paving stones, providing a excellent way to explore the city and learn about its rich history. This 2.5 mile trail tells the story of America’s first patriots as they fought for freedom against the royal army. The sixteen Freedom trail sites in order of appearance are: 1) BOSTON COMMON. In 1634, realizing that a more northerly site would be unacceptable for settlement, the government of Massachusetts purchased land from Boston, the Boston Common , a 50 acres open land and oldest public park in the United States. It has been used for many different purposes during its long history, until 1830 animals grazed the Common, until 1817 public hangings ...

Arguing for a reintegration program for those released from prison Essay

Arguing for a reintegration program for those released from prison - Essay Example According to Langan & David (2002), this is a worrying tread that can be attributed to several factors such as unsuccessful reintegration with the community, lack of employment and other similar factors. In his study, Mays & Winfree (2009) found out that these factors leads to low self esteem and self denial that encourages the offender to resort to other crimes. In light of such deliberations, it is correct to point out that, to reduce the rate of crime and recidivism, there is a need to create conduce environment for ex-offenders by giving them opportunity be employed and access other social economic services. The biggest concern that is raised in regard to employment discrimination of ex-offenders is in regard to what contribute to employment discrimination. First, laws put in place could be argued to play a huge part on the phenomenon at hand. For instance, state laws create room for denial of employment of ex-offenders. Most states have different definitions of circumstances under which ex-offenders can be disqualified from employment (Gottfredson, 2001). Most of these laws stipulates on specific felonies that can automatically disqualify ex-offenders from employment. Others stipulate a certain time periods after one is released from prison before they are considered eligible for employment. However, as much as some of these laws would be seen to protect the welfare of the employer, they end up making things difficult for the ex-offenders. This is arguably true because as Mays & Winfree (2009) pointed out, lack of second chance for ex-offenders makes them develop immune to arrests and incarceration. In fact, a study conducted by Holzer (2003), found out that some offenders like it more in prison than when they are out in the community. They argue that the biggest and most intriguing thing about prison is that one is denied freedom of doing what they want and that there is no difference of being in prison and when out in the community

Ester Synthesis Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ester Synthesis - Lab Report Example Esters are also present in the animal fats and in most of the biological molecules and compounds. The process known for the production of an ester is called Esterification. It can either be formed in organic acids or in inorganic acids. In the organic acids of these esters, the liquids usually have no color, are impartial and have a pleasing smell (Clayden, Greeves, & Warren, 2012). The esters are usually prepared in large amounts for the purpose of saleable use. They are commercially used in perfumes, flavoring and as artificial fruits. Esterification has great importance and tends to perform a number of processes. The main importance of Esterification is to imitate acids such as the carboxylic acids and some groups of compounds or molecules that are considered to be functional. The process involved with Esterification is that of condensing. Example is the carboxyl acids and the hydroxyl alcohol as seen in the experiment. The process condenses these acids and eliminates water. This process is slow and temperatures used are at moderate Celsius. In most of the chemical industries throughout the world, the process of Esterification is used in various fields to perform different set of purposes. One of the purposes is seen in the removers of the nail polishing. The solvent that is used is called ethyl acetate. The amyl nitrite is used for the purpose of asthma treatments. ... There was the use of a reflux condenser and a conical vial container. In the conical vial container, about an ML of alcohol is kept inside the container. A spin vane which is found inside the conical vial is filled with acetic acid of about 1.5 ml. in the same container; about four drops of sulphuric acid were added. The sulphuric acid is concentrated. The equipment that was used was recapped. Inside the tube that was used, dryrite was used. Cotton was also used to make sure that the dryrite was dry and smooth for the experiment. The tube was later fused together with the condenser in a position that the conical vial is set to sit in the sand bath. In the sand bath, a thermometer is used with the view of measuring the temperature of the experiment. To prevent heat retention while the thermometer is in use, an aluminum foil is used as a cover. The reflux condenser is then set in the position of the tap to allow for the movement of water from the condenser. After the flow, the tap is s witched on to allow for the smooth running of water in the experiment. When the temperature inside the sand bath reached 170 degrees Celsius, the process of condensation began to take its roots. While condensation was happening, the temperature was maintained for about 60 minutes. After an hour of refluxing, the condenser, the heat were turned off and the contents inside removed. They were then allowed to cool (Guardia & Garrigues, 2012)Â   The mechanism of the reaction is based on the formation of ethyl ethanoate. In the presence of sulphuric acid, the ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid. The process is considered to be slow and reversible. To prevent for a reverse reaction, the ester is passed through the process of distillation. The steps in the mechanism reaction links with the

Methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Methodology - Essay Example Over the last few decades, the exploring and understanding of phenomena has given birth to various paradigms of social research, especially in context of educational betterment. Paradigms are a mixture of concepts and variables, attached to methodologies and tools that can help shape research into a certain subject or verify a certain theoretical proposition (Saunders et al, 2006). The positivist paradigm seeks to gather true knowledge, utilising a method of observation and experiment. The primary approach used in this paradigm is quantitative, with surveys and experiments becoming the tools to gage relationship and effect between two or more entities. On the other hand, an anti-positivist paradigm approaches a research subject under a qualitative cloud, using case studies and phenomenological methods to understand a single entity and its activities. In reference to this paper, the approach taken is under the positivist paradigm, as the crux of the research is evaluating the link between two or more entities, and the effects of change that is passed because of the existing linkage. However, the author acknowledges the importance of the anti-positive approach, and aims to undertake some tools of this methodology like interviews, in order to reach a more comprehensive conclusion. The methodology of research adopted is important in selecting the most suitable approach by which the researcher can answer the aims of a paper. A part of the approach is linked to the strategy adopted by the researcher; if deductive, the researcher is seeking to develop and test a theory, while if inductive, it involves the gathering of data from which a theory is likely to be built (Saunders et al, 2006). The research in this paper is set around understanding the linkage between the Indian textile industry with the Western markets of Europe and US, and the impact of the global downturn and financial

Morphological Properties of S. Cumini

Morphological Properties of S. Cumini Review of literature An attempt has been made to review the earlier work pertaining to the evaluation Jamun (Syzygium cumini Skeels) accessions based on morphological characteristics. Majority of the citations correspond to the evaluation genotypic characteristics and morphological variability of different accessions. There are large numbers of morphological attributes that are suitable to test genetic variability. There are only a few but important characteristics that have been evaluated for their greater applicability in assessing variability and acceptance to commercial use. The present study was therefore, undertaken with a view to determine the morphological properties of S. cumini and collect detailed information on these aspects. The citations have been presented in this chapter as per quantitative and qualitative characteristics of tree behavior, growth habit and fruit quality. Morphological markers Morphological markers have proved a reliable tool for estimating intra specific variability arising from different provenances at least in a few species. It pertain the traits which identified by visual observations and their inheritance can be monitored by naked eye. The traits included in this group are qualitative and quantitative characteristics they are generally scored quickly, simply and without laboratory equipments. Roy (1963) reported intra-organism variability which is governed genetically. Phenotypic variability of plant organs such as leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds are most commonly used traits. Morphological markers have been in usage ever since taxonomic studies came into vogue. Their characterization powers are strong and are usually preferred for quick identification at the field level. Morphological descriptors in Syzygium cumini S. cumini is large evergreen and densely foliaceous tree with light greyish-brown thick bark and partially deciduous tree attaining medium to large size polyembryonic fruit species (Chase and Reveal, 2009). Leaves are 5 to 18 cm long, evergreen, oblong-oval or elliptic and opposite. The sessile whitish-yellow flowers with funnel-shaped calyx emerge in clusters containing 4 to 5 united petals. Flowers come in February-March and fruits in May to July. Fruit are berries, oblong to ovoid-oblong, dark purple colour with 1 or 2 to 5 white or green seeds. Rudimentary seeds are also found in S. cumini (Morton, 1987; Stephen, 2012). The seeds of Jamun are recalcitrant, multicotyledonous have multiple embryos (Swamy et al., 1999, Thoke et al., 2011). Qualitative characteristics Mitra et al. (2008) reported that large numbers of underutilized fruit crops, which are being used by the local inhabitants. In fact for people living in villages, these underutilized fruits are the most common source of nutritious food, to meet their vitamin and mineral requirements. Syzygium cumini is a multipurpose large, evergreen native tree occurs in the tropical and sub-tropical climates under a wide range of environmental conditions (Singh et al., 2004). The variability in existing germplasm of S. cumini for selection of desirable genotypes was recorded on fruit physical characteristics and much variability was observed (Singh et al., 1999). As majority of jamun trees are of seedling origin, they show tremendous variation in their morphology and Physico-Chemical attributes. The extent of variability increases when this highly cross-pollinated plant multiplies sexually (Singh and Singh, 2012). Among the locally available types of jamun (S. cumini) in West Bengal, India, 4 (typ es JS-1, JS-2, JS-3 and JS-4) were selected and studied for fruit shape and size. JS-1 (with 1 oval-shaped large fruit) and JS-2 (cylindrical-shaped, medium-sized fruit) showed high characteristics of fruit size. Fruits of JS-2 and JS-3 showed pear-shaped, medium-sized fruits (Kundu et al., 2001). A survey was undertaken in Gokak taluk of Belgaum district, Karnataka, India to investigate the nature and extent of variability present in jamun seedling progenies for morphological characters of trees. High variability was observed for the characters viz. plant girth, leaf area, petiole length and leaf length to petiole length ratio (Prabhuraj et al., 2002). Quantitative characteristic The S. cumini showed enormous variability from big (2.5 5 cm long and 2.0 – 3.5 cm diameter) to small (2.5-2.5 cm long and 1.0 -1.5 cm diameter), fruit weight (3.5 to 16.5 g) and pulp content (54-85 %) is normally grown in North India (Keskar et al., 1989). The blackish purple fruit showed the highest fruit length (2.1 cm), fruit breadth (1.3 cm), fresh weight (1.94 g) and seed fresh weight (0.38 g) (Srimathi et al., 2001). The study revealed that there was a wide variation among S cumini accessions i.e. fruit weight ranged from 3.42 to 13.67 g, length 3.31 to 5.26 cm, girth 5.21 to 9.82 cm, length: width ratio 1.44 to 2.3 and pulp percentage 58.57 to 84.55 (Devi et al., 2002). Patel et al. (2005) collected different genotypes of jamun from Varanasi and recorded highest pulp content (97.71 %) in V-8 followed by V-6 (95.84 %) and V-7 (93.81%) genotypes. However the genotypes RNC-26 and RNC-11 were found promising with regard to higher weight of pulp and fruit. The lowest or negligible seed weight (0.12 g) was noticed in V-8 followed by V-6 (0.16 g) and V-7 (0.31 g) and these genotypes might be used as seedless jamun. Prakash et al. (2010) observed that ‘Selection-1’ was most promising for fruit weight (14.55g), minimum seed weight (1.73g), higher pulp percent (90.05), higher total soluble solid (21.23%) and total sugar (20.24%). Shahnawaz and Sheikh, (2011) reported that weight, length, width of fruit of two improved cultivars of Jamun i.e. V1 and V2 were observed 9.55 g, 3.88 cm, 2.98 cm and 6.71 g, 2.73 cm, 2.10 cm respectively. The edible portion was 69.10 and 39.19 % whereas non-edible portion was 30.90 and 60.81 % in V1 and V2, respectively . Singh et al. (2012) identified the accessions CISH J-37 has bold fruit, oblong, average weight of 24.05 g, length 3.90 cm, diameter 3.03 cm and pulp (92.26 per cent). The another accession CISH J – 42, which is seedless accession and the fruit is round shaped, average weight 6.87 g, length 2.57 cm, pulp 97.9 per cent in the indigenous state. Bakshi et.al. (2013) carried out an investigation to evaluate the various mango genotypes on the basis of physico-chemical characteristics under rain fed areas of Jammu. Out of all the fifteen mango genotypes, the fruit weight was maximum in Mallika (182.16 g) and lowest in Selection-4 (64.83 g). The maximum fruit length (10.52 cm) and fruit breadth (6.98 cm) was observed in Mallika, whereas it was minimum in Selection-1 (5.26 cm and 4.22 cm, respectively). The pulp weight (117.15 g) and stone weight (35.60 g) was highest in Mallika, while Dashehari showed maximum pulp: stone ratio (3.90), while the pulp percentage was maximum in Mallika (71.48 %). For organoleptic rating, Dashehari was rated best in terms of colour, flavour and taste over all the genotypes. Rahman et al., (2014) carried out the study on fruit characteristics, yield contributing characters and yield of twenty one mango genotypes. A wide variation was observed among the genotypes in respect of different characteristic s under the present study. The heaviest (237.0 g) fruits with length and diameter of 9.50 cm and 6.87 cm were recorded in the genotype MI-Jai 005, whereas the lightest (95.33 g) fruits with length and diameter of 2.2 cm and 2.7 cm were noted in MI Jai 004 per cent edible portion were the highest in MI Jai 001 (66.86 %), while the lowest edible portion in MI Jai 012 (38.59 %). Several researches have been conducted to find the morphological characteristics of various fruit crops. Kher and Dorjay (2001) evaluated some low chilling peach cultivars for physical characteristics and observed fruit length and weight for Shan-e-Punjab and Flordsun as 5.80 and 4.74 cm and 56.95 and 80.86 g respectively. Prasad and Bankar (2000) evaluated pomegranate (Punica granatum) cultivars (Jodhpur Red, Ganesh, Basin Seedless, Dholka, GKVK-1, G-137, P-23, P-26 and Jalore Seedless) for vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality and for their suitability to arid conditions of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. The Jodhpur red variety of pomegranate fruit reported 6.10cm fruit length and 170.6 g fruit weight. Jalikop et al. (2002) reported 4.74 cm fruit length and 82.50 g fruit weight for amlidana pomegranate with noted dull pink colour. Patel et al. (2011) screened eleven guava genotypes of five years old viz., RCG-1, RCG-2, RCG-3, RCG-11, RCGH-1, RCGH-4, RCGH-7, Allahabad Safeda, L-4 9, Lalit and Sangam, showed wide range of variation with respect to quality traits of fruit. The genotype RCGH-1 was found superior in fruit weight (184.50 g) and fruit diameter (7.08 cm) whereas, the cultivar RCG-11 recorded least number of seed (53.29 No/100 g fruit weight) with highest pulp: seed ratio (94.25 %). El-Sisy (2013) investigated some morphological and productivity characteristics of fifteen genotypes of seedy guava trees with for morphological characteristics, flowering, yield and fruit quality. The genotypes were analyzed to select promising guava genotypes for fresh consumption and processing to take part in improvement and propagation programs. The highest fruit weight was recorded in genotypes No. 10 (277.37 g) in 2011 and No. 2 (253.23 g) in 2012. The longest fruit was in genotype No. 10 in both seasons. All genotypes gave similar results for fruit width except No. 2, which was the biggest one. The highest firmness was in genotype No. 14 in 2011 and genotype No. 2 in 2012. The low seeds (%) were the best character for fruit quality and associated with genotype No 2 (1.294 1.121 %). Mahmoud and Peter (2014) reported that physical fruit characters of guava fruits and tree no. 99 was found superior one over all genotypes in term of fruit weight (300.5 g), fruit diameter (7.36 cm), less number of seed per fruit, higher pulp thickness (3.2 cm), higher pulp weight (271.7 g), pulp to fruit weight ratio (88.7 %) and maximum peel weight (28.83 g).

Analyzing Shakespearean Sonnet Essay -- William Shakespeare Sonnet Ess

Analyzing Shakespearean Sonnet William Shakespeare's sonnet, That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold emphasizes that death is upon us stressing on the importance of love. By using metaphors he relates death to nature. Using symbolism of autumn leaves, twilight and glowing fire evolving to one conclusion awaiting death. By using Iambic meter he is showing a rising effect to get to the climax of the sonnet. Shakespeare shows how his character is weighed down by torment that his life is coming to an end. He is in search of sympathy saying if you see me like this you will love me even more. Therefore saying, love me now before I am gone or it may be too late. That time of year thou mayst in me behold When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang Upon those boughs which shake against the cold, Bare ruin'd choirs, where late the sweet birds sang. In quatrain one, Shakespeare has come to the understanding that death is upon him by describing the changes of autumn leaves, bordering on the aging process and his hair turning gray. The boughs which shake are the tremors his body is having reminding himself once more that he is not as young as he use to be and ageing has left him feeling like he has lost the power to write. By focusing on the fact that ageing is a slow and discouraging process he is building on the hopes that someone will feel sorry for him and acknowledge the fact that he may die soon. In me thou see'st the twilight of such day As after sunset fadeth in...